In Islam, the question of celebrating birthdays and national days often arises, as these events are not part of the religious practices laid out by Islamic teachings. While Islam provides clear guidance on religious celebrations such as Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, the permissibility of other celebrations depends on their alignment with Islamic values and principles.

Celebrating Birthdays: A Controversial Topic

The celebration of birthdays, while common in many cultures, is not mentioned in the Qur'an or Hadith (sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ). This has led to differing opinions among scholars regarding its permissibility. The key issue for many scholars is whether such celebrations align with Islamic principles and whether they can lead to practices that are not in harmony with the faith.

1. No Religious Significance:
   Birthdays have no direct religious significance in Islam. Therefore, celebrating them is often seen as a cultural practice rather than a religious one. Some scholars argue that since birthdays are not part of Islamic tradition, celebrating them is an innovation (bid'ah), which is discouraged in Islam.

2. Intention and Context:
   Others believe that if a birthday celebration does not involve any behavior or practices that contradict Islamic teachings, such as engaging in haram (forbidden) activities, there may be no harm in celebrating it. The key is the intention behind the celebration. For instance, if the celebration is seen as a time to reflect on gratitude for life, it may be permissible, as long as it does not take one away from their religious duties or involve excess.

3. Excessive Celebrations and Wastefulness:
   Excessive partying or indulging in lavish celebrations can be problematic in Islam, as they can promote wastefulness and lead to neglecting important duties such as prayer. Islam encourages moderation in all aspects of life, including celebrations.

National Days: Is It Allowed to Celebrate?

National days, like independence or national holidays, are also a source of debate. These celebrations are generally cultural and political rather than religious, and whether or not they are permissible depends on several factors.

1. No Conflict with Islamic Principles:
   National days that are focused on celebrating a nation’s achievements, history, or independence are generally permissible as long as they do not conflict with Islamic values. If the celebration does not involve haram actions, such as the consumption of alcohol, immoral behavior, or un-Islamic practices, there is no explicit prohibition against partaking in them.

2. Gratitude and National Unity:
   Islam encourages showing gratitude for the blessings and well-being of a country, especially when it aligns with promoting unity, peace, and justice. Celebrating national achievements or remembering historical events can be a way of expressing gratitude for the freedom, safety, and prosperity granted by Allah.

3. Avoiding Un-Islamic Practices:
   Similar to birthdays, the key concern is whether the celebration leads to actions that go against Islamic values. If national day celebrations involve un-Islamic behavior or distract from religious obligations, they would not be permissible. For example, celebrations that promote nationalism in a way that encourages arrogance, pride, or divisiveness are discouraged.

Islamic Perspective on Celebrations

The general principle in Islam is that any celebration that is not prescribed by the religion, such as birthdays or national days, should be assessed based on the actions associated with it. If these celebrations promote Islamic values and do not distract from religious duties or lead to sinful actions, they are generally permissible. However, excessive or wasteful behavior in the name of celebration is discouraged.

Islam encourages moderation in all things, including celebrations. Muslims should remain mindful of their intentions and ensure that any celebration they partake in does not lead them away from their duties to Allah or encourage behaviors that are harmful to their faith or society.

Conclusion: Moderation and Intention Matter

In conclusion, whether it is a birthday or a national day, the permissibility of celebrating such occasions in Islam depends on several factors, including the intention behind the celebration, the nature of the activities involved, and whether these celebrations align with Islamic values. While such events are not inherently forbidden, they should be approached with caution, ensuring that they do not lead to neglecting religious obligations or encourage any un-Islamic behavior.

Ultimately, Islam emphasizes moderation and the importance of prioritizing faith over cultural or societal norms. If a celebration can be done in a manner that remains true to Islamic principles, then it may be acceptable, but excessive or un-Islamic behavior should always be avoided.